The Politics Of Political Parties - 807 Words

Political parties seem to grab the attention of the people during important times in politics. In spirit, political parties are meant to represent the people. Moreover, parties can be easily attacked by accountability. In this case, accountability is very liable when the people know how and when to enforce consequences. The people can then determine whom they may trust and even more so whom they may take out of office. There are more advantages than, say disadvantages when looking at the importance of parties. With such a high diversity and large population, the U.S., as a political system needs and benefits from these groups. The beginning purpose of political parties was to serve in the interest of the people. It is essential to recognize that parties matter at the state and local level and even more so at that national level. A political party is a group of like-minded people whose key purpose is to win elections and control the government. â€Å"The major work of the co alition is to recruit, nominate, and elect its candidates to public office (Markel, 2009).† One of the many goals for an official is to get re-elected. In attempting to do so, the political party the candidate falls under would attempt to create new innovations to compete against their competitor. â€Å"It would seem that parties which often faced closely contested elections would try to out-do each other by embracing the newest, most progressive programs and this would naturally encourage the rapidShow MoreRelatedThe Politics Of Political Parties3081 Words   |  13 Pages The History of Political Parties and the importance of party platforms 11/30/2016 Anthony Cozzitorto Ohio University Abstract This paper will examine the history of political parties in the United States, and also the importance of platforms in those political parties. Research was conducted on internet resources along with books written by political scientist. â€Æ' It has been a year filled with political talk because of the 2016 Presidential election in the United States. With the runningRead MorePolitical Parties And Political Politics1859 Words   |  8 PagesIt would only make sense that half of this class is on political parties and the other half would be about interest groups. They are both inherently different and fundamentally similar at the same time. Both work to sway the pendulum of public policy in the direction they believe in (Alexander, 2015). The main difference is that political parties attempt to gain political office, where interest groups are not in that business. Interest groups are in a sense a key part of a pluralistic society. TheyRead MorePolitical Parties : Politics, And Religion1480 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest in politics, and the issues that affect the way we govern. So I boiled that down to the entities that decide when and what we govern. Political Parties. After I had my subject I looked at the three things I believe political parties play a role in. The three areas of interest I chose were our political parties role in our history, economics, and religion, and what factors in those areas determine how political parties’ function. The first area I looked at was political parties role in ourRead MorePolitical Party Vs. Politics1616 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical party or anything in connection with politics is a common topic of every group of Indian who are sitting together at any place. It is always a debatable topic. Most of Indians are very much interested in politics. We look at formation of many parties; we find that their establishment are mainly due to ideological differences that result in split in parent party and at the end leads to formation of a new political party with a new agenda. In multi-party system like India, the parties canRead MoreMexican Politics : A Mexican Political Party960 Words   |  4 PagesMexican Lives The P.R.I. is a Mexican political party. P.R.I. stands for Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Its goal was to change Mexican politics and make society more equitable. Once the P.R.I. was elected, the government changed rapidly. Because of these rapid changes, there was a lot of uncertainty among the Mexican people. Everybody was in search of a paramount person to help them fight for their own personal causes. While the P.R.I. may have achieved its goal of revolutionizing MexicoRead MorePolitical Parties, Politics, And Public Policy1542 Words   |  7 PagesJacob Dretzka Professor Wright May 23rd, 2016 Midterm Essay Questions Essay #1: Political Parties in America favor electoral victories over achieving policy outcomes because of the way our parties are structured. As noted in the readings from, â€Å"Parties, Politics, and Public Policy in America† by Marc Hetherington and Bruce Larson, American political parties are largely fragmented. The reading describes how our main parties, the Democrats and Republicans, are fragmented across various sub-groups, statesRead MoreHow Has Politics Impacted Political Parties?714 Words   |  3 PagesHow has federalism impacted political parties? The basis of federalism is the idea that the state and federal government should share power. The federalists were supporters of a strong national government, led by Alexander Hamilton. The Democratic-Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson, opposed the federal government, their beliefs were that majority of power should be held by local governments (The States). Political parties over time have influenced national politics which eventually could influenceRead More The Impact of Two Strong Political Parties on America’s Politics1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Two Strong Political Parties on America’s Politics The Constitution has nothing to say about political parties. Nowhere does it define political parties or explicitly specify that there should be two dominant parties. Nevertheless, America has had a strong two party system for last 150 years, a degree of party stability and endurance that can be found in no other nation (Landy and Milkis, 451). This system of two dominant parties has both its advantages and its drawbacks, the sameRead MoreBroken Politics And Broken Dreams1440 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Politics Broken Dreams What is a perfect form of government? What are politics and why do they matter? Now that you have thought about it, you may have thought this. The perfect government is one that does not internally fight itself over an opinion on a topic. It serves its citizens faithfully and cares for their thoughts and opinions. Politics are supposed to influence the government to make it better and to support its citizens. Politics helps us make a better government. Do you thinkRead MoreAmerica Is Known For Its Freedom Of Speech1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe dynamics of the American political system gives the American people a voice in what goes on in the government. The right to vote gives all citizens the opportunity to vote on various positions in the government and local areas. Political parties perform a number of functions for the American political system. The functions and components of political parties, interest group activity, electoral politics, public opinion, political partic ipation, and political socialization, all are essential

Utilitarianism vs. Individualism - 1366 Words

Utilitarianism vs. Individualism Arguments for utilitarianism and individualism will never end. The essence of utilitarianism, pleasure is the chief end of life and the greatest happiness for the greatest number should be the ultimate goal of human beings, has always been a crucial matter of concern and controversy. It is regarded as an exploit of people’s freedom and individualism. However, individualism is deemed as an ignorance of teamwork. We cannot simply tell which one is superior to the other. Everyone just has his or her own preferences over these two moral systems. In my opinion, I prefer utilitarianism rather than individualism. Utilitarianism is the idea that moral worth of an article is determined solely by its utility†¦show more content†¦Here, we could use utilitarianism to explain. The invisible hand represents all the social good incidentally caused by individuals pursuing their own self-interest. And it is true that social benefits of the invisible hand are clearly seen in many cases. A businessman who wants to become a millionaire must first come up with a product that is beneficial, pleasing and desired by thousands of customers. By pursuing his own greed, the millionaire also benefitsShow MoreRelatedA Careful and Meaningful Consideration of my Journey in Nursing Ethics1614 Words   |  7 Pagesrequire a good knowledge and understanding of ethics and its application. The import of this course to me can not be overemphasized. It is great to be instructed by a Registered Nurse, who also is grounded in Ethics? THE CASE OF PAM: Autonomy vs. Utilitarianism Autonomy simply implies Self rule. Nurses and healthcare providers must uphold a patient’s right to make decisions regarding his or her medical care. Competent, informed patients have the right to choose among treatment options and refuse anyRead MoreHU4640 Project Part11650 Words   |  7 Pagesepistemology (and, on some definitions, metaphysics). An example of this is when you get a feeling in the pit of your stomach and your hair stands on end. You might not know why, but something is tweaking your animal instincts. Virtue Ethics (Individualism) and Care Ethics (Collectivism) Virtue ethics is a broad term for theories that emphasize the role of character and virtue in moral philosophy rather than either doing one’s duty or acting in order to bring about good consequences (IEP). NicomacheanRead MoreA Brief History of Education in Norway1464 Words   |  6 Pagesacademic achievements, such as sport wins, stopped being encouraged to make everyone feel good about themselves. By 1993, a new movement came to surface. The New Public Management, which was the idea of â€Å"choosing according to preference† encouraged individualism and choice. However, students no longer needed to qualify academically for high school. Decentralizing the education even further, in 2001, three pivotal changes were â€Å"designed to start the process of shifting Norwegian education from the UnifiedRead MoreCultural Values And The Dominant Culture1883 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween my worldviews and the majority worldview. In order to fully assess how I have come to acquire my worldviews it is important to look into contextual and circumstantial factors that have shaped me as an individual. American culture values individualism where putting yourself first is seen as the norm. In comparison, Hispanic cultures value the family, or a group dynamic, rather than each person as an individual entity (Kirst-Ashman, 2013, p. 457). I am close with my family and value the familyRead MoreThe Harm Principle of John Stuart Mill2017 Words   |  9 PagesThe Harm Principle of John Stuart Mill For John Stuart Mill, he was a strong believer in utilitarianism. 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Some in-principle criticisms include: the level of M analysis used (i.e. group vs. individual), the potential for stereotyping, methodological Read MoreEthical Issues in Marital and Family Therapy Essay3695 Words   |  15 Pagesresults (Hohmann-Marriott, 2001). Relational Ethics vs. Individualism A study conducted by Wall, Needham, Browning and James (1999) postulated that unlike many therapists in other disciplines, marital and family therapists value â€Å"mutual and caring interpersonal relationships† over individualism. A majority of therapists in this study reported that their view of a good moral life included being part of loving, caring relationships. 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In this context the idea of suffering is repressed and viewed as evil. The body (human) is seen in biological terms or purely physical (material). Sexuality is seenRead MoreProfessional Ethics10396 Words   |  42 Pagesbetter than comfortably and 10% live near subsistence. And we haven’t given up on the remaining 10%.  Ã‚   Intellectuals who study the free society have, in the fields of economics and politics, a good understanding of what makes this possible: individualism. In economics there exists a well worked out understanding of how, starting with autonomous individuals engaging in voluntary transactions, goods, services, and information flow efficiently to where they are needed. In politics there exists

Discuss how Hare presents ideas about class in this scene and at least one other point in the play Free Essays

Within Hare’s play Murmuring Judges, there almost appears to be two class systems. The first is the standard upper, middle and lower, however, Hare almost separates the prisoners, the police and the lawyers as three separate classes of people, who each look down on the class below them. This allows us to see not only the perceived separations of social classes but also the classes that you are put into according to you profession and the classist attitudes held by those above. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss how Hare presents ideas about class in this scene and at least one other point in the play or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the focus scene, Hare clearly shows his views about class through implications and connotations used in the lawyers and judges conversations. Immediately as the scene starts, â€Å"His Excellency AL Hadji Sulay Ibrahim Dunko† is announced by the toast master. Whereas within the perceived lower class of the police, DC Abdul Khan is referred to as Jimmy, here he is announced with his full name and title, which immediately suggests a difference in class and status between the two men. This is also clearly shown in the language used by all the characters in this scene, as phrases such as â€Å"Grand Days† and â€Å"the fishy stuff† in reference to caviar creates a semantic field which suggests the men view themselves and believe they are viewed by others as upper class. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of the Toast Master and Gerard at the opening of Act 2 clearly demonstrates the social classes, as we see the announcement of important men next to a man monologuing within his prison cell. Hare uses food in the focus scene to reflect the upper class nature of the men. As previously referenced, Cuddeford calls caviar â€Å"the fishy stuff†, suggesting his familiarity with highly expensive foods, which subtly exposes his class. Again, the â€Å"Roast Venison Baden-Baden† also shows the dinner to be sophisticated and the suggestion that â€Å"[the students] have to eat their way through twenty four dinners† reveals the recklessness of the system in terms of man, which clearly suggests there is money to be thrown around. Hare also uses food in other moments in the play reflect the lower classes of the police and the prisoners. Whereas Gerard is only once offered a cup of tea, Woody’s line â€Å"your glass of beer? † shows Woody to act â€Å"like a manservant† which again clearly shows the difference between the two men. However, it could be argued that Sir Peter sees himself as more important than he really is, as he sends Woody to ask Irina to the opera in order to make himself seem too important to come in person, which isn’t reflected anywhere else in the play. Similarly, Hare uses other running motifs throughout the play which suggest the upper class nature of the lawyers, but also to suggest the lawyer’s ideas about the lower classes. The discussion of Desert Island Disks clearly shows them to be at least middle class, as do Sir Peter’s selections, but the comment â€Å"everyone listens to desert island disks† is what exemplifies how out of touch with reality the lawyers are. This unrealistic idea of society is also shown by Sir Peter, â€Å"I thought all educated young women loved music†, as this is rather an idea of the past then the present. Hare uses reading to show the inherent difference between the lawyers and the prisoners especially, as he presents the lawyers as having â€Å"no time to read off the job†, whereas Gerard sarcastically states â€Å"Thank God for literature† as whilst the lawyers claim to have no time, the cruel irony is that all Gerard has is ‘time’. The lawyers views on those they perceive to be lower than them is never hidden, possibly as the lawyers are largely untouchable due to their position, as shown by the conversation with the Home Secretary, which shows the lawyers to have acquaintances in the government. Cuddeford openly calls the suspects â€Å"common-as-much individuals† which shows the upper classes to think themselves much better than everyone else. This is further shown by â€Å"[the prisons] may be called failings of society†¦ which are truly not my concern† show disinterest in the justice of those beneath them, again shown by Sir Peter’s unwillingness to do criminal law as â€Å"it involves real people†. On a larger scale, Sir Peter shows not only the suspects but the whole idea of crime to be â€Å"trivial†, as he refers to Gerard’s case, which clearly upturns Gerard’s life, as â€Å"a silly sort of warehouse robbery†. Sir Peter further expresses his view on Gerard later, claiming he is â€Å"an ordinary, sub-average human being†, demonstrating the barriers he believes exist between them. Gerard is also presented as aware of these separations, as shown through â€Å"these men†¦ will go home to wine in fine glasses and the gossip of the bar†¦and I will go to my gaol†. Gerard’s reference to himself as â€Å"the stuff of their profession† suggests that Gerard perhaps also sees himself as below the lawyers, which could be used to argue that class separations are inherent. This inference is reinforced by â€Å"there is a glass screen and our clients live on the other side of it†, which not only suggests a separation but also could be seen as excusing the seemed inability of the legal system to help its clients. Although largely presented as incapable or unwilling to help their clients, the lawyers are clearly shown to cover their own backs. At the time, there was a suggestion of changing laws regarding barristers which would, according to Sir Peter, would be â€Å"a threat to justice†. In response to this, Irina, under instruction, starts a campaign against the new legislation which raises ?1million in four days. This is heavily ironic within the play, as it is often states there is no money to reform the prison, which given the events of the Strangeways riot in April 1990, would presumably be a higher priority. It also shows the extent to which the lawyers are upper class, as the blase attitude of â€Å"give or take a few thousand† shows how small an amount of money this is to them, which would be huge to any other characters in the play. Cuddeford is shown to be clearly aware of this, â€Å"play down the million†, which suggests a level of guilt at using the money for this, especially within their profession. In conclusion, Hare uses juxtaposition throughout Murmuring Judges to show the seemingly inherent differences in class between the lawyers and the prisoners in particular. Whilst the prisoners are forced to â€Å"slop out† and â€Å"throw shit packages†, the lawyers are often presented in luxurious settings, â€Å"laid out magnificently four different wine glasses†. Hare also presents ideas of class mainly from the perspective of the lawyers who seem themselves as more important than they perhaps are, and certainly better than the â€Å"common-as-muck† ordinaries. Overall, I think the ideas of class in the play are nicely represented in the line â€Å"we were going to abolish this as outdated†, but in the end didn’t, which for me shows the lawyers understanding that the system is incapable or unwilling to work to the best of its ability, but simply would rather not out of tradition. How to cite Discuss how Hare presents ideas about class in this scene and at least one other point in the play, Papers

Contractors Developing Lethal Cyber Weapons

Question: Discuss about the Contractors Developing Lethal Cyber Weapons. Answer: Introduction Most of todays headlines are dominated by the use and misuse of information and communication technology. Furthermore, considering the fact that computers, as well as other communication technologies, have made their way into all aspects of life makes ICT an integral component of todays life. ICT involvement has also led to a great dependence on it which in itself raises some questions on this over reliance (Mishra, 2015). Nevertheless, it's now common to hear of government systems losing data or even an official government member who uses police data to spy on the general population. In other cases, a private company may be charged with selling underage information via the internet (EIEx, 2016). All these issues among many others are caused by ICT or related to the field. This paper will highlight ethical concerns and analyze it using the four classical ethical theories Lethal Cyber Weapons In 2016, an upcoming, nearly half a billion dollar contract was developed by the US military, a contract that aims to develop a next generation computer code capable of killing enemy combaters or adversaries. Furthermore, the said technology is set to be deployed as soon as its complete having the necessary tools to spy, retrieve information and execute it set mandate (Nextgov, 2016). In this new system, the U.S. troops would be able to launch logical bombs, unlike the traditional bombs that target an enemys vulnerable/critical infrastructure. The new bombs would have extensive capabilities to site vulnerabilities and hit targets with the utmost accuracy. In essence, this signals the arrival of lethal cyber weapons, a highly controversial topic filled with many ethical dilemmas. Analysis using the four classical ethical theories Several schools of ethic exist including utilitarianism, deontology, virtue and contract, lets analyze this case study in terms of these theories. Utilitarianism focuses on a pragmatic approach where the said technology is seen to harm the society other than benefit it. However, even without deriving the ethical concerns with the U.S. cyberweapons, cyber-attacks are with themselves problematic as they violet all frameworks of ethic be it social, moral or even technological (Rowe, 2009). The proposed lethal weapons would have to use cyber technological to gain an advantage over combaters, however, cyber attackers including those done by governments can use the privileges held to access and destroy legitimate infrastructures owned by innocent civilians. In addition to this, consider the current negative effects of cyber-crime and terrorism e.g. botnets that enslave peoples computers to phish information thus generate illegal money (Bailey et al 2009). The same technology is now set to control weapons of mass destruction, a foreseeable negative outcome is clearly imminent. Furthermore, lethal cyber weapons are only an extension of war itself, therefore a clear negative outcome can be clearly illustrated regardless of the measures used to safeguard the technology. Another ethical concern relates to how people use the technology, the duty held by them regardless of the consequences, i.e. deontological ethics. This said, lethal cyber weapons are a danger irrespective of where or when they are used, which means, outstanding the consequences (eliminating the enemy or innocent civilians) they are morally wrong. U.S. proposed cyber weapons are in themselves a wrong action, developing them is wrong as perceived by deontologists. To them, a person can only do the right thing if its morally upright. On the other hand, consider criminal perpetrators who attack innocent civilians, now, is the government right in developing the lethal weapons to safeguard their own citizens? Yes, but with little legislation and with the thin line that exists between doing justice and infringing on peoples right, presents the true deontological ethical dilemma (Dipert, 2010). Lethal cyber technology owned by the military can only meet their original moral mandate if all the frameworks of virtue ethics are employed. This calls for professional ideals presented by the military virtues for instance courage, honor, and even compassion. Such virtues are the only way a society can distinguish between the legitimate use of military actions such as the lethal cyber weapons proposed (Vallor, 2013). Furthermore, unlike other ethical issues that may call for policies or even governance, virtues are more of a personal endeavor held by an individual. However, with automated systems that are highly characterized by cyber systems military, virtues are lost. In our case study, the deskilling of these virtues remains the highest risk of implementing cyber weapons as all virtues and ethical responsibilities are completely lost or lowly maintained. As a solution, all lethal cyber weapons should remain within the military jurisdiction maintained by proper military virtues, b ut this is dependent on training and personal moral responsibility. Finally, as seen in the post, new technologies and developments bring with them a new set of rules, these rules or policies govern their capabilities and the extent of their use. Contractarianism (contract theory) holds both political and moral theory in authorizing certain actions. In simple terms, cyber technology ethical concerns are met through legal policies (Stanford, 2012). Technically, little has been done to develop the appropriate policies and rules that govern the technology. Moreover, the current policies refer to cyber-attacks as attacks on digital media or information, therefore a policy vacuum is in existence (Bok, 1986). To date, long discussion is in existence of incorporating chips to identify computers used to carry out cyber-attacks, however, this also infringes on privacy and secrecy requirements. Finally, considering the developers of cyber technologies are the same people who advise on the use and on the technical countermeasures presents a contractual ambiguit y because the set policies will be inclined to fit their bill (Pence Latiff, 2014). Therefore, independent bodies and not the developers and the users should set the necessary laws and policies that govern cyber technologies especially lethal cyber weapons. Recommendations In an ideal world, lethal cyber weapons would be abolished because they present considerable mass destructions opportunities. Moreover, cyber weapons have many negative effects on a society apart from mass destruction including infringing of peoples rights (privacy, identity, secrecy etc.). However, considering the attacks carried out by villains and terrorists, a counter action is needed. Furthermore, technology is ever changing and abolishing its component can never be a solution. In its place, the international community should develop laws and policies that safeguard on all components of cyber systems. In addition to this, these policies should be reviewed regularly and independently from those who use the extreme cyber technologies. These actions would fulfill the contractual ethical dilemma needed to govern the technology. Laws and policies are an integral part of a properly functioning society, however, without moral and virtues they stand to lose. Therefore, good moral and virtues are needed to properly use the cyber systems and the capabilities they pose. However, to guarantee success lethal cyber weapons like nuclear weapons should be held by a few, who again should meet the set contractual policies as set by independent bodies that have the will of the people at heart. References Bok, S. (1986). Secrets. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Charles Pence Robert Latiff. (2014). Ethics of Emerging Weapons Technologies. University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://charlespence.net/courses/phil20628-s2014/slides/lecture1.pdf Christopher Folk. (2015). U.S. Cyber Command Moves Towards Lethal Cyber Weapons. Cyber Security law and policy. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://blog.cybersecuritylaw.us/2015/11/05/u-s-cyber-command-moves-towards-lethal-cyber-weapons/ Denning, D. (1999). Information warfare and security. Boston: Addison-Wesley. EIEx. (2016). Ethical issues of emerging ICT applications. The magazine of the European innovation exchange. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://www.eurosfaire.prd.fr/7pc/doc/1304928786_eiex06etica2.pdf Minati Mishra. (2016). Ethical, Legal and Social aspects of Information and Communication Technology. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1507/1507.08447.pdf Neil Rowe. (2007). Ethics of cyber war attacks. Cyber War and Cyber Terrorism. U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://faculty.nps.edu/ncrowe/attackethics.htm Nextgov. 2016. Pentagon contractors developing lethal cyber weapons. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2015/11/lethal-virtual-weapons-real/123417/ Randall Dipert. (2010). The Ethics of Cyber warfare. Journal of Military Ethics, 9(4), pp. 384-410. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://www3.nd.edu/~cpence/eewt/Dipert2010.pdf Stanford. (2012). Contractarianism. Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/ Vallor Shannon. (2013). The future military virtue: Autonomous systems and the moral deskilling of the military. Santa Clara University. Retrieved 08 January, 2017, from: https://scholarcommons.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001context=phi